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Recommended Reading
Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century
by Howard Gardner
Basic Books, 1999
ISBN 0-465-02610-9
It is fascinating to observe how Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences continues to evolve. It seems to have taken on a life of its own since the publication of Frames of Mind in 1983. As Gardner responds to his theory's broad-ranging applications in the field of education and as he himself continues to analyze how broad intelligence really is, he regularly synthesizes the results in new books. Gardner's most recent book, Intelligence Reframed, reviews past studies of intelligence as well as his own, and discusses the possibilities of additional intelligences. They include naturalist intelligence (now confirmed as an eighth in his theory), spiritual, and existential intelligence (the last two still under consideration) and other related intellectual attributes He answers frequently asked questions about his theory and its applications, and points out as well how it is all too often misapplied.
In addition to bringing about new understandings of intelligence, Gardner also has opened up the importance of understanding itself. He notes that education today should provide enhanced understanding of several worlds, including the physical world, the biological world, the world of human beings, the world of human artifacts, and the world itself. He stresses that the critically important literacies, skills, and disciplines should be seen as means to the ends of understanding these worlds.
Gardner writes, "Resources invested in formal education can best be justified if, at the end of the day, all students show enhanced understanding of the important questions and topics of their time." He also points out that true understanding means the ability to demonstrate, exhibit, perform, or explain in a variety of forms. Teachers must make this possible by stating explicit understanding goals, stipulate the correlated performances of understanding, and share these perspectives with the students."
In conclusion, he offers perspectives on the application of his theory in the world at large, stressing the importance of developing responsibility, the ability to work with others, and the development of ethical and moral behavior. "And we may discover why we must join forces in a complementary but synergistic way to make sure that nature and culture survive for future generations."
This book bears careful study whether you have read his previous books or are new to his ideas. It offers all educators wise counsel and illuminating perspectives based on years of study, research, and experience. Intelligence Reframed is a book for our time.
Copyright © April 2000 New Horizons for Learning, all rights reserved.
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