Hands-on math!

Washington State Math Olympiad
Hints and Solutions
2010 Grade 8 Probability and Statistics
Problem
1) A family has two children. At least one of them is a boy. What is the probability that both children are boys?

2) At the brand new middle school lockers open with PIN numbers instead of combination locks. PIN numbers consist of three one digit numbers and digits can repeat. This year all the 8th grade PIN numbers begin with the digits 6, 7, 8, or 9, but the other two can be any number from 0 up to 9. How big does the 8th grade class have to be to guarantee at least two students have the same PIN numbers?

3) Toni's teacher gives a 20 point quiz every Friday. On her first five quizzes Toni scores: 15, 4, 16, 18 , and 15. After the next two 20 point quizzes, her average on all seven quizzes is 15. What is the median?

Problem
4) The letters "M A T H O L Y M P I A D" are written one to a card to make a game. A player draws a card, records the letter and replaces the card. The player draws a second card, records the letter, and replaces the card. Points are earned as follows:
Combination of a consonant and vowel: 1 point
Combination of two different consonants: 2 points
Combination of two different vowels: 3 points
Double Letters of Any Type: 0 points and turn is over
Poison Y - Any combination with a "Y": 0 points and turn is over
What is the probability of drawing double letters or drawing the poison Y? Express your answer as a fraction.

5) Consider the following survey information:
Suppose the information is based on surveying 1000 people. At least how many have dogs that sometimes sit in the back seat and sometimes in the front passenger seat while they drive?